Assignment †Week 3 †Esposito-Hilder vs. SFX case Essay Example for Free

Assignment – Week 3 – Esposito-Hilder vs. SFX case Essay 1) What is the most â€Å"jealousy† protected kind of speech, according to the court in this case? (3 points) Answer: According to the court in this case, the most jealousy protected speech is that which advances the free, uninhibited flow of ideas and opinions on matters of public interest and concern. That which is addressed to matters of private concern, or focuses upon persons who are not â€Å"public figures† is less stringently protected. 2) What court decided the case in the assignment? (2 points) Answer: Supreme Court of New York 3) Briefly – state the facts of this case, using the information found in the case in LexisNexis. (5 points) Answer: In this case, radio station and disc jockeys (defendants) challenged the judgment of the Supreme Court of New York, which denied their motion to dismiss the plaintiff private individual complaint for failure to state a cause of action in her action alleging intentional infliction of emotional distress. According to the information provided in this case, the plaintiff private individual bridal photograph was published in a local newspaper along with those of other brides. The same day, during a broadcast, the defendants engaged in a routine known as the â€Å"ugliest bride† contest. During this contest, they made derogatory and disparaging comments about plaintiff’s appearance. The plaintiff alleged that the defendants deviated from the regular routine of the contest by disclosing her full name that she worked as a competing radio station, as well as the identity of, and her relations with, her superiors. The plaintiff alleged that she and her supervisors heard this broadcast and as a result of its offensive content, she experienced extreme emotional distress at the time because she was a newlywed. Additionally, the court affirmed the judgment of trial court, which denied the defendants’ motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s complaint and found that the plaintiff had an actionable claim. 4) According to the case, why was this not defamation, and what tort did the court approve a filing for? (5 points) Answer: According to the case, this was not defamation due to the reason of being an expression of opinion. Due to the unique factual information presented in this case that the plaintiff was a private individual and the matter was not of public interest or concern, the court approved a filing for the plaintiff’s lawsuit of the intentional infliction of emotional distress to proceed. 5) In the decision, why does the court state further proceedings will be required? (5 po ints) Answer: The court states that further proceedings will be required because more investigation needs to be done into the plaintiff’s allegations to determine what extent the allegations of her complaint ultimately satisfies the stringent requirements for the tort and sufficiently states a cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress. 6) Do you agree with this decision? Why or why not? (5 points) Answer: This student agrees with this decision because even though there was a contest, there was no reason to disclose the plaintiff’s personal information and details of her job and make disparaging and derogatory comments about her appearance. Her personal information was revealed during the broadcast and therefore one could identify her and due to these facts the plaintiff could experience emotional distress, especially since she was a newlywed.

True Human Nature Exposed in Lord of the Flies Essay -- Lord of the Fl

True Human Nature Exposed in Lord of the Flies       The island in Lord of the Flies represents "a microcosm of human society." Stranded on an island where no definite authority is to be obeyed, the boys quickly forget the social standards that their parents have impressed on them. Eventually, the wildness of their ids cannot be suppressed. They lose their pride as "British boys" and choose their leaders, their social groups, and their lifestyles with their basic instincts rather than with practicality. Fear and superstition rule the island instead of the laws of science. Without the constant pressure of society's expectations, the boys display the fundamental elements of human nature in the way that they choose to live.    In society, a constant struggle exists between what people want to do and what they need to do. If Freud's ideas about the human mind are correct, those who stress the former are more strongly controlled by their ids. Those whose lean more towards the latter are controlled by their ego. The government tries to enforce rules while the people struggle for more freedom. This is plainly displayed in how Ralph and Jack fight for the loyalty of the other boys. Ralph promises rescue, which works for a time. However, Jack promises them fun. People would rather have pleasure than security. The boys cannot see the importance of following the rules. In society, people have a similar problem. Everyone desires to be "liberated from shame and self-consciousness." Unfortunately, this inclination is not always in their best interest.    Humans will always separate themselves into groups based on appearance and similarities. The boy automatically separate themselves into "biguns" and "littluns." The older c... ...s in self-defense, Jack tells them "I told you- he's dangerous." This type of manipulation is common in human society, particularly when a fight for power is involved.    In human society, people will do what comes easiest. They will be manipulated and mistreated before they start to think for themselves or to act as individuals. This is shown well by the boys in The Lord of the Flies because boys have not yet suppressed their basic natures as completely as adults have. The thoughtless attitudes that the boys have is common in human society, even if adults pretend otherwise.    Works Cited Baker, James R.   William Golding, A Critical Study.   New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985. Golding, William.   Lord of the Flies.   New York: Harcourt, 1962. Riley, Carolyn, ed.   Vol. 1 of Contemporary Literary Criticism. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1993.

Gender Wage Discrimination in Pakistan

| Gender Wage Discrimination in Pakistan| Evidence from Pakistan 2008/09 and 2010/11| | | | Table of Contents Introduction2 Literature Review2 Methodology3 Variables Used – Characteristics of Workers5 Results7 Discussion7 Bibliography8 Appendix A9 Selectivity Bias Logit Regression Results:9 Introduction This paper explores the dynamics of gender wage discrimination in Pakistan for two data sets; Labour Force Survey for the year 2008/09 and 2010/11. We will explore whether or not women are discriminated against, as it has been suggested for a predominantly Islamic country like Pakistan.Labour theory addresses many reasons for wage discrimination. For the purposes of this research we will concentrate on ‘employer wage discrimination’. Following this our research will be aimed at discovering if women are paid less than their male counter-parts especially with the same set of characteristics. For this purpose we will use the Oaxaca-Blinder method to calculate the coef ficient for discrimination across genders. Literature Review The basis of this paper is the work done by Oaxaca and Blinder in 1973 about wage discrimination models.In the paper ‘Interpreting the Decomposition of the Gender Earnings Gap’ (Giaimo R. 2007) this method has been applied to find out how different characteristics change the discriminatory behaviour of employers in Italy. Oaxaca’s method for calculating discrimination was further adapted in the paper ‘Gender Wage Discrimination at Quantiles’ (Javier Gardeazabal 2005), and was used to calculate discrimination coefficients for quintiles. In a study conducted in India (Tilak 1980), it was found that the incidence of unemployment was higher for women than for men with the same characteristics.In this study the only characteristic that was taken was education. This is a different angle to look at discrimination from what this paper will do. Rather than looking at the unemployed, this paper will see the women in the labour force and if they face discrimination with respect to their wages. However, the underlying aim and also the hypothesis formed are the same. The paper ‘Wage Differentials and Gender Discrimination: Changes in Sweden 1981-98’ (Mats Johansson 2005) explored the wage gaps between men and women in Sweden.They found that the wage gap was 14%-18% during the 1990’s. Their study also indicated that this difference could not be explained by applying the job requirements and qualifications to women’s wage function. The conclusion was that there is undoubtedly some other factors other than the characteristics of the workers that determined the wages in the Labour Market. Methodology This paper calculated a coefficient for Gender Wage Discrimination from the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. D= Xf? m-Bf+ ? m(Xm-Xf) Here ‘? ’ is a vector of characteristics of workers.Therefore, the first part of the equation shows the wage differenti al between males and females on the basis of characteristics. Second part of the equation normalizes characteristics, for females in this instance, and then subtracts the wage differential based on characteristics, to give us the overall differential based on discrimination. As a control, we also work out the converse of this Oaxaca Blinder Decomposition as follows; D= Xm? m-Bf+ ? f(Xm-Xf) To control for selectivity bias, we have also used the ‘Heckman Procedure’.A multi-variable Logit model was run and three variables (Lambda1, Lambda 2 and Lambda3) were calculated to act as control for variables missed in our model. This discrimination coefficient has been calculated for two data sets using characteristics such as age, marital status, education level, province, region, professional trainings and status in the family. These characteristics have been selected after being shown significant as the determinant of wage. Natural log of wages was the dependant variable in the following regression; Table [ 1 ]: Wage Determinants – LFS 2008/09Table [ 2 ]: Wage Determinants – LFS 2010/11 Our results are much better for the data set of 2010/11. The signs of education are expected. For the data set of 2008/09, signs for education are positive which does not support theory. Even after efforts to remove multi-colinearity, they still show positive signs. Most of the variables in the regression are also insignificant. However, when we take the data for LFS 2010/11, and correct it for selectivity bias, we get much better results. Most of the variables are significant as well as show the correct signs. The same algorithm was applied to both the data sets, and the same variables have been taken). Results of Logit models for correcting selectivity bias are attached in Appendix A. Variables Used – Characteristics of Workers Summary tables from LFS 2010/11 1. Age * Theory suggests that this is one of the most important determinants of peopleâ€⠄¢s decision to work. 2. Marital Status * This variable was taken as a dummy variable in the regression. * It is a significant variable in the decision to work, especially in developing economies like Pakistan. 3. Province This is also taken as a dummy. The Baluchistan province was omitted from this analysis. However, the calculations of the Oaxaca Blinder method take this omitted variable into account. This is because the method takes the vectors of the estimated regression equation. 4. Region * Whether a person is from a Rural or urban background has impact on the opportunities and the job growth pattern. 5. Education Level * This is linked directly with the variable wage. * This is again taken as a dummy variable, and higher education was omitted from the regression. 6. Migration (Rural-Urban) Although not a very significant variable in our regression, there are other empirical studies that have shown how the migrated families have better opportunities for work than those who do not. 7. Literacy * This is a dummy variable, and is significant in our analysis. 8. Selectivity Bias Variables * These are Lambda’s in the model. And have been calculated using the Heckman Procedure for controlling selectivity bias. Results To find the discrimination coefficient a matrix exercise was done in Stata using the data from LFS 2007/08. This presented the following equation; D= Xf? m-Bf+ ? Xm-Xf D=10. 030812+-7. 4166332 D= 2. 614212 The discrimination coefficient for LFS 2010/11 was calculated as follows: D= Xm? m-Bf+ ? fXm-Xf D=0. 11964462+0. 31341527 D= 0. 43305989 Just looking at the numbers we can say that discrimination have gone down significantly over the last two years. Whether this is actually the case, or this is just due to the problems in the data, we cannot be sure. However, we think that the result for 2010/11 is a better estimate overall. The results show that women are at a significant disadvantage in Pakistan’s Labour Force. These results are quite expected.However, we also need to take the problems in data collection and measurement into account. Many of the cottage and small scale industries are not counted in the LFS and they are a prime source of employment for women in Pakistan. Discussion There are many limitations of this study. First of all this can be made more powerful if panel data is used, however, there are no sources of such data. Secondly, an easy method of expanding this study would be to do an inter year comparative study. There are more limitations that are related directly to the data that we have used.Many questions have been raised about the methodology and the authenticity of the data in Labour Force Survey of Pakistan. However, this limitation is beyond our control. There have also been questions raised about the Oaxaca-Blinder method of calculating wage discrimination. While we have attempted to review paper that have used this technique and have achieved good results, there are still many questi ons about the technique, still. There are few policy implications that we can derive from these results, especially if we look at the significance levels in the data for 2008/09.However, this paper does prove to some extent that there is a problem of gender wage discrimination is Pakistan. We can attribute a lot of this to social factors as well; women do not want to work in most professions, so we can also argue that there may be a case for discrimination by the employees rather than the employers. Bibliography Giaimo R. , Bono F. , Lo Magno G. L. â€Å"Interpreting the Decomposition of the Gender Earning Gap. † University of Palermo Journal, 2007. International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC-Rev. 2, 1968). ILO. 2012. http://laborsta. lo. org/applv8/data/isic2e. html (accessed 2012). Javier Gardeazabal, Arantza Ugidos. â€Å"Gender Wage Discrimination at Quantiles. † Journal of Population Economics, 2005. Mats Johansson, Katarina K atz, Hakan Nyman. â€Å"Wage Differentials and Gender Discrimination: Changes in Sweden 1981-98. † Acta Sociologica, 2005. Stat. Stata. 2012. http://www. stata. com/meeting/5german/SINNING_stata_presentation. pdf. Tilak, Jandhyala B. G. â€Å"Education and Labour Market Discrimination. † Indian Journal of Industrial Relations , 1980. Appendix A Selectivity Bias Logit Regression Results: LFS 2008/09 LFS 2010/11

The Federal Emergency Management Agency Essay - 1704 Words

Introduction The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is a body under the United States Department of Homeland Security that was created in 1978 to improve the safety of the American residents, especially during disasters. FEMA has a primary mandate of coordinating the response to any disaster that may occur in the U.S. and that overwhelms both local and state authorities’ resources. FEMA comes in to aid only after the governor of the involved state has declared a state of emergency and has made a formal request. However, there is an exception to the gubernatorial declaration requirement, when an emergency occurs on a federal property such as the Space Shuttle Columbia experienced in the 2003 return-flight disaster (About the FEMA Agency, 2016). The Hurricane Katrina disaster highly challenged the operations of FEMA thereby leading to great changes in the agency. The Storm that is ranked as the third most intense U.S. landfalling intense caught the FEMA and at large the Department of Homeland Security unprepared thereby leading to severe losses. The hurricane claimed more than 1200 individuals and a total property of around $108 billion, of which could have minimized if FEMA could have carried out its operations effectively (Bea, 2006). Despite being ineffective, FEMA played significant roles in the Hurricane Katrina storm. For instance, FEMA organized as well as mobilized the necessary resources to aid the residents of New Orleans from the disaster. According toShow MoreRelatedThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1123 Words   |  5 PagesThe Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) describes the National Planning Frameworks, which contains preparedness missions for the whole community (individuals, families, businesses, all types of community organizations, non-profit groups, media outlets, academies, and all levels of government including state, local, tribal, territorial, and federal partners, (FEMA 2015), as a way to foster a shared understanding of the roles and responsibilities from the first responders to the Federal governmentRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rise and Fall of Legitimacy: A Review of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) from 1979 to 2005 Introduction Legitimacy is the lifeblood of an organization. With conflict and competition a clear winner is considered legitimate. Cooperation, however, offers the potential for legitimacy for multiple parties. A legitimate organization has authority based on being representative, accountable, responsible, effectiveness, efficiency, minimal interference from political pressure, and establishedRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1403 Words   |  6 Pagesword as â€Å"a condition of instability or danger, as in social, economic, political, or international affairs, leading to a decisive change†. (Dictionary, n.d.). The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has created a chart in which there are several criteria for determining when a situation is qualified as a disaster, only then, may federal aid be available to the communities. According to authors Timothy Sellnow and Matthew Seeger, the criteria allow â€Å"the FEMA to assess the relative magnitude ofRead MoreThe Fede ral Emergency Management Agency1771 Words   |  8 PagesThe Federal Emergency Management Agency is here to help a city rebuild and recover after natural or manmade disasters. When FEMA isn’t enough to help recover from the damage, the city is lost. For a city or country ability to rebuild after a natural disaster depends on the city s strength and the government’s response to the disaster. If a city cannot recover after a natural disaster it is all on the government. A city need a strong stable government in order to thrive. Once disaster hit it’sRead MoreFederal Emergency Management Agency3124 Words   |  12 Pagesyears, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, commonly known as FEMA, has been dedicated to preparing, protecting, responding and serving the American people following major disasters and crisis. Effective on April 1, 1979 under President Jimmy Carter’s administration and funded through federal funding, FEMA has been committed to preparing, protecting, responding and assisting in recovery efforts in the state as well as the local government during crisis and disasters. 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In addition to assisting states in crisis management, FEMA also provides trainingRead MoreThe Creation Of Fema And The Federal Emergency Management Agency ( Fema )1555 Words   |  7 Pagesthe situations first hand so that the American people were catered to at a quicker response and in a manner that was assessed for safety situations. â€Å"On April 1, 1979, President Jimmy Carter signed the executive order that created the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). From day one, FEMA has remained committed to protecting and serving the American people. That commitmen t to the people we serve and the belief in our survivor centric mission will never change.† This is stated on fema.gov; thisRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1348 Words   |  6 Pagescontext, with great concern, the federal government has placed an ever larger portion of its national focus on promoting a more efficient response to such concern via disaster mitigation and management with the Federal Emergency Management Agency. A historical extension of the federal government for which is principle utilized for disaster aid and response, this agency is as much a direct extension of the current presidential administration as it is a crisis agency for social good. This simple descriptionRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency1005 Words   |  5 Pages In 1979 the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was created to offer services the states had not substantially invested in and the consumer market had not offered (Moynihan, 2013). The idea was that on a national level it would be cheaper to establish one higher level agency to develop expertise on how to deal with disasters (Moynihan, 2013). Our national government has the ability to create and enforce common policies which would avoid the confusion of multiple state, local and nationalRead MoreThe Federal Emergency Management Agency961 Words   |  4 Pagespreparations that can enable us to minimize the effects of the natural disasters as much as possible when and if they happen. The Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA is primarily charged with ensuring that the Americans are all safe in case of any emergency. This is the basis of all their engagements and departments that exist therein. The range of emergencies that are included in the FEMA field of operation are natural disasters like floods, hurricanes, wild fires, earthquakes and man made

Immigration H-1B Visa - 1737 Words

In recent headlines, the H-1B visa has come become a debatable topic. The number of visas distributed to skilled workers (H-1B) and who receives them, and whether the United States should increase or decrease the amount. Currently, the H-1B visa system is structure to administer 65,000 H-1B visas (Services, H-1B Fiscal Years (FY) 2014 Cap Season). According to the United States Citizenship and Immigration, 124,000 petitions were received during the 2013 fiscal year. (Services, H-1B Fiscal Years (FY) 2014 Cap Season). Some are suggesting that we need more skilled immigrant labor within our country for innovative and entrepreneurial exploration, while others are opposed to such a change and would prefer a decrease in the number of†¦show more content†¦The costs and benefits current, native workers see when the number of H-1B visas distributed are increased, is depended on several factors. One factor is the age of the current, native worker. In a study conducted by Sari Pekkala Kerr, stated that there is a substitutionary effect, that occurs with young skilled immigrants workers, versus older, current native workers (4). This is a cost to older, current native workers, but a benefit for younger, current, native workers. Younger, current, native workers are more complementary to young, skilled immigrants. Another factor is the skill set held, by the current, native worker. By having more skilled workers, generally speaking, regardless of citizen or immigration, will increase the productivity and innovation in the firm. This is a benefit for specialized, current, native workers. Skilled, immigrants see costs and benefits when the number of H-1B visas distributed increase. The costs associated with working in the United States, is through labor force participation and taxes, which include income, Social Security, and Medicare taxes (West). Also, by having more skilled, immigrants, they make higher wages, therefore paying more in items, such as food, housing, entertainment, commercial services, etc. (West). The benefit skilled, immigrant workers receive is the ability to use and apply the knowledge they haveShow MoreRelatedUnited States Should Increase The Visa Cap2834 Words   |  12 Pages The H-1B visa, originally created to streamline admissions of temporary foreign workers to the United States, has become a topic of much debate between the foes of immigration and the information technology (IT) industry. The debate is focused on whether to increase the visa cap in order to alleviate what the industry describes as a shortage of IT labor. This argument, however, obscures the fundamental flaw of the H-1B program that deserves a more prudent examination. The current H-1B visa programRead MoreStem : The H 1b Controversy Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesSTEM: The H-1B Controversy In recent years, there has been a push for reform in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), which are known as the basis for innovation and advancement on a global scale. These fields serve as a vital tool in America’s technological leadership, national security, and economic growth, making the federal government and policymakers invested in the success of STEM education and its workforce. This movement gained momentum when three reportsRead MoreAmerica s Potential, And Rising Above The Gathering Storm1749 Words   |  7 Pagesacademic achievement gaps in STEM, improve the quality of teachers, increase STEM labor supply, improve on international ranking assessments, produce more STEM degrees, and increase the number of H-1B visas issued. One of the most controversial subjects of the STEM movement is that companies are using H1-B visas to employ foreigners at cheaper rates rather than U.S. citizens. However, critics of the STEM movement arg ue that this is a strategic idea called â€Å"Brain Drain† where the U.S. is â€Å"draining† theRead MoreAn updated immigration bill, will be introduced by a group of cross-party senators, that will make1600 Words   |  7 PagesAn updated immigration bill, will be introduced by a group of cross-party senators, that will make an immense difference to non-immigrants requesting authorization to work in the United States under H-1B visa category (Issues in Science and Technology, 2006). The H-1B debate takes on a symbolic importance because it reveals conflicts and concerns with issues within America about unemployment and extending US control and opportunity. One may ask, â€Å"Why do we have immigration when unemployment isRead MoreQuota Based Immigration Essay4339 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿Patricia Tanona International Economics Final Term Paper The United States’ quota based immigration system weakens the country’s ability to sustain its position in the increasingly competitive global economy. Although the United States has a substantial flexible labor market, huge international corporations and some of the best universities in the world, it faces great competition in the global labor market. With the increasing economic opportunities available in industrialized countriesRead MoreAmerica s High Tech Sweatshops8571 Words   |  35 Pagesadvance their economies. By utilizing selective immigration policies, these economically advanced countries target highly educated, and skilled labor in foreign countries to meet their changing economic needs. The United States is no different and has utilized special guest worker programs to strengthen its workforce. These guest worker programs have sparked a host of controversial debates, especially during the 2016 presidential election. The H-1B visa program, a guest worker program that allows AmericanRead MoreThe Presidential Race Rages On By Donald Trump915 Words   |  4 Pages Senator Ted Cruz’s views on illegal immigration have changed over the course of the years and Donald Trump takes this opportunity to show people that the candidate they support is lying to them. As with most of the candidate, securing the board is a main goal. Cruz no long wants immigrants to come over to the United States, even with H-1B visa. â€Å"Specialty occupation visas (H-1Bs, H-1B1s, and E-3s) are the most popular category of non-immigrant visas. They are available for professional positionsRead MoreWhat Does It Mean?1244 Words   |  5 Pages What does it mean to immigrate? What is an immigrant? 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According to a report published by the National Foundation for American Policy, immigrants have founded more than half of America’sRead MoreImmigration : The Land Of Dreams1499 Words   |  6 Pagescome true. Most of them are immigrants. What is an immigrant? What makes someone an immigrant? Nowadays, an immigrant is a person who is not a citizen of the country he or she are living in and are on a visa or the lack of one. According to Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State, a visa is â€Å"...a travel document issued by the traveler’s country of citizenship.† It is a sticker that is applied on the passport and it gives one port of entry to legally enter the country that he or she has

The Hero Sojourner In A Worn Path by Eudora Welty Essay

The Hero Sojourner in A Worn Path by Eudora Welty In A Worn Path by: Eudora Welty, the main character emulates the necessary nuts and bolts of the archetypal journey as its hero; answers a call to an adventure, has to go through trials of fear, and ending with the retrieval of two prizes. Eudora Weltys short story A Worn Path takes place on a bright, frozen day in December. Representing a struggle, but most of all represents determination. Her name is Phoenix Jackson. This story is about sacrifice, Good versus Evil, and overcoming obstacles. She shows all the qualities of the Hero archetype and a Heros journey. Fate can take control of humans lives and can help humans reach the end of the challenging path. The path is a journey†¦show more content†¦Not only do these trees symbolizes the ups and downs but represent strengths and weaknesses. The oak is strong and not easily moved, meanwhile the Pine is more fragile and consistantly swaying. Illustrates how at first it seems as a lost cause turns into strength and will to go through this journey. Virisque adquirit eundo (Virgil) At every step she gathers strength. Life is like an obstacle course, consisting of obstacles in which have to be overcomed. (unknown author) This element of the archetypal hero employ various situations, symbols and characters for the character to go through many obstacles and trials. She talks to the bush stating Thorns, you doing your appointed work. Never want to let folks pass, no sir. Old eyes thought you was a pretty little green bush However, she manages to free herself from the thorn bush. Soon after, she faces a barbed-wire fence, which is not easy for anyone, but she gets through, again telling herself that she could not pay for having her arm or her leg sawed off. At one point, she is startled by a stray dog and falls into a ditch. Eventually, a hunter and his dog happen upon her and pull her out of the ditch. He also tries to prevent her from finishing her journey. He tells her that she is too old, and even tries to scare her with his gun. At that point the man says, you must be a hundred years old, and sc ared of nothing...you take my advice and

Report on Volunteer Tourism

Question: Create an STP plan for Australian Tourist Market. Answer: Executive Summary This is a research report on the development of a STP or Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning plan for the Orangutan Foundation which is actually an orangutan conservation organization. The various benefits of volunteer tours has been identified and linked with the STP plan for Orangutan Foundation. This way conservation of natural environment along with the efforts for developing local communities and educate them has been identified as among the various benefits of volunteer tours. Along with that the selection procedure for the Australians interested in the volunteer tour has been discussed so that the most appropriate person can be sent for the same. This way various abilities and pre-requisites are identified so as to select the Australians who are fit for the job. Background information a. Introduction This is a report on the volunteer tourism project that has been developed overtime in different countries with a view to preserve the natural environment and safeguard the interest of the people living in the backward or less economical developed areas, regions and countries. In this report the case of Orangutan foundation has been discussed where the volunteer tourists are sent from Australia with a view to support the noble cause of preserving the environment by fencing the natural habitat and along with that supporting the education programs for the local residents. b. About Orangutan Foundation The Orangutan Foundation is an orangutan conservation organization. The foundation is located in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Indonesian Borneo runs the volunteer tours in these area for construction of buildings and fences to protect the orangutan living in the wild from outsider approach. This organization has been protecting the natural habitats of various breeds of orangutan in Asian countries. They also work for the development of the local communities and spread of education in these areas. This organization does not only support the idea of saving orangutan but to recognize their habitat in the local and global communities so that the forests can be saved on which they are so dependent. Thus efforts are made in various directions including saving forest, preserving climate, delivering education along with the saving and recognition of the Orangutan habitat(OrangutanFoundation, 2015). c. About Volunteer tourism Volunteer tourism is an emerging trend in the tourism sector which attracts volunteers from different parts of the society to come ahead and work for the environment. The best thing is that these volunteers are offered holidays along with the responsibility that they are expected to deliver during the travel. This way the volunteers who want to have a life time of an experience of helping others, saving environment along with the enjoyment holidays participate in such Volunteer Tourism Programs. In Australia, there are a number of volunteer projects that are offered for the purpose of cultural immersion, seeking camaraderie, giving back to the world and bonding opportunities with the host(Leonard Onyx, 2009). d. Aim of report The aim of the report is to evaluate the various benefits that the volunteer tourism can yield to the Orangutan foundation. Also the various methods of selecting the Australians for the specific purpose has been discussed. Finally a STP or Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning plan has been discussed to make the volunteer tourism concept a big success in Australia by making appropriate selections and achievement of the desired goals in Orangutan foundation. e. Scope of report The Scope of the report includes the Australian public, specifically the people interested in volunteer tourism projects. Also the scope includes the Orangutan foundation projects that are meant to conserve natural environment and safeguard the interest of the local residence who need support of the western people to develop. Finally the scope includes the local people in the Indonesian region which lives near the area of operation of Orangutan foundation that are given educational and financial support to lead an improved life and learn about the outer world. Brief Literature review Volunteer tourism is actually organized by various Volunteer tourism organizations so that the potential volunteers can take the benefit in intrinsic and even extrinsic form from the experience they will have from the offer. Thus a number of reasons affect the decision of the volunteer in accepting the offer for volunteer tourism which includes family bonding, achieving cultural immersion and accomplishing an inner thrust of making a difference. Some of the volunteers may even accept the offer for getting camaraderie. This volunteer tourism are mostly made in the developing and under developed countries so that the social and environmental issues can be dealt which rose as a response to the Boxing day Tsunami that occurred in year 2006 and later the September 11 attacks. This way efforts are made to bring a level of understanding between people in different countries by investing in various humanitarian projects to support the development in the under developed countries (Wearing Gr abowski, 2011). A number of programs for placement of university students in countries like Fiji, Mexico and Vietnam has been developed in the recent years. This is due to the reason that these programs are meant to initiate and support the developing process in these countries by the young students of the western countries. The benefits that are tried to be achieved through these International Volunteering and Service initiatives includes education development, supporting development projects and increasing harmony among the western groups and people in the under developing country. This way various volunteers are selected for living a life time experience in the holidays that are meant to help the people in the under developed countries (Palacios, 2010). Tourism has become an essential business in every country. Through tourism various people in the country gets employment and therefore a chance to earn a good living. Due to this reason, efforts are made by the government of different countries to achieve a sustainable tourism in their respective country(Wong et al., 2014). This includes stimulating the travelers behavior so that they have an attractive and luxurious travel and do not feel reluctant to come to the country. The volunteer trips are rising in the United States as the volunteers wanted to move and support the people in the under developed country along with having a great time of holidays. The most popular volunteering program in the United States is One Million hours for Haiti (Cohan, 2010). The Canadian government has been making consistent efforts in sending nearly 8,500 volunteers to the developing and under developed nations since year 2004. The main objective behind is to help the local NGOs to cooperate in the development process and achieve operations of power and empowerment through the Voluntary Cooperation Programs (Laywine, 2013). The role of volunteers in the Volunteer Tourism program is therefore to act as a change agent. A pre-trip motivation is actually achieved in these volunteers so that they can perform the duty they are assigned along with having a memorable holiday in the under developed country. This way the volunteer tourist along with the volunteer tourism organization and host community come together to plan for a holiday that could benefit all these stakeholders. This way a cusp of opportunity is made available to the volunteer who hasto perform multiple tasks in the multiple locations in the host country which is both serving the community and enjoying holidays (Wearing McGhee, 2013). CVA or Conservation Volunteer Australia took various initiatives in the recent years to send volunteer tourist in North Queensland for supporting various volunteer projects. It was however observed the volunteer were actually tempted towards going to such volunteer projects because they wanted to meet new people, observe the natural environment and engage in an effort for saving environment. This way the volunteers motivation towards volunteer tourism helped in achieving the desired goal of offering assistance by the volunteer and enjoying holidays along (Pegg et al., 2014). Recently the volunteerism among the local community at the Blackwood River Valley in Western Australia has confirmed that people want to participate in the development projects. Although the lack of time and money hinders their progress, but they are inner motivated to make direct or indirect participation in the development projects that could result in development of the underdeveloped (Alonso Liu, 2013). A group of Grey Nomads has been in existence from last 50 years who work for the development in the rural areas of Australia. Thus by using range of skills and willingness to volunteer various community supporting projects these people have actually achieved the target of serving the humankind (Leonard Onyx, 2009). This way various doctors and scholars are sent to various rural places so that the projects of public welfare can be supported (Smith, 2009). STP plan for the Australian Tourist Market The STP or Segmentation, targeting and positioning plan through the Australian tourist market concentrates on the economic, environmental and social development of the host country. Thus the Volunteer tourism is meant to achieve development of the areas where the volunteers are sent. In our case the volunteers especially from university and colleges consisting of young Australians are sent to central Kalimantan, Indonesia so that the Orangutan foundation can be supported in terms of building fences and buildings to safeguard the orangutan in the forest. Also efforts are made to educate the people in this backward region. Finally the medical and financial assistance is provided to these people in the backward areas so that they can improve their life and could connect with the outside world considering the western culture caring for their concerns. On the other hand, the Indonesian Borneo tour helps in achieving a memorable holiday for the volunteers who are motivated towards meeting new people and making difference by serving environment and humanity as well(Jayachandran, 2004). The STP plan for the Australian tourist market is therefore described as below. Segmentation The customer segmentation is actually required to be done in the Australian tourist market because this can help in deciding on the person for sending on volunteer tours as per his capabilities. This way the Australian tourist market can be segmented on the following basis. 1. Demographics The demographic of the Australian tourist shows that the country has a huge number of applicants ready to become various tourism programs in Australia. The most of the volunteers are in age between 21-27 years including both male and females in equal number. This shows the motivational factor of meeting new people and seeking camaraderie. However there are still volunteers who want to work so that they can give back something to environment(Pegg et al., 2014). The volunteers of 21-27 age group people are best fit and ideal to be sent to the Orangutan foundation in Indonesia so that they could easily work in the wild environment along with the Orangutan. This way they could apply the youth fitness of their body to deal with the raw environment and earn a life time of an experience(Leonard Onyx, 2009). 2.Psychographics The psychographics of the Australian volunteers for tourism is observed to be different. That is, these volunteers look for cultural immersion through which they can meet new people. However others seek for camaraderie and earn experience. However there is no scarcity of volunteers who has a thought of giving back to the world. Finally there are volunteers who try to achieve bonding opportunities with the host country people so that they could achieve eternal peace(Laywine, 2013). The STP plan for Australian tourist as per the different psychographics will therefore will require selecting those volunteers who are looking for cultural immersion and desires to give back something to the world. These people will prove best for the work as they will whole heartedly and avoid any discretion from their respective target due to financial needs or any other discourse(Alonso Liu, 2013). 3. Geographical The Australian volunteer applies from various parts of Australia. Since the Orangutan foundation has to work in forest, therefore the volunteers should be selected from the area of Tasmania forest. This is so because the volunteers of this area will have in-born ability to adapt as per the forest environment(Palacios, 2010). The STP plan would therefore be selecting of the volunteers from Tasmania forest. As it would not difficult for them to work in the Indonesian Borneo forest for the fencing and building of structures to safeguard the Orangutan in the area, because of the similar background they are brought up in (Cohan, 2010). Targeting: A number of types of targeting techniques can be used for the selection of the Australian volunteers for the Orangutan Foundation noble cause. There are different types of targeting techniques which are as follows. 1. Undifferentiated targeting An undifferentiated targeting is done when the selection is made at the macro level without consideration factors and aftermath. Undifferentiated targeting cannot prove successful for sending the volunteers for supporting work of Orangutan foundation without any further considerations. This may result in problems and various health issues for the volunteers(Trevifio Brown, 2004). The STP plan for Australian volunteers would be to target volunteers and select after careful consideration of their background so that they can easily cope with the changed environment while sent on the expedition(Smith, 2014). 2. Concentrated targeting The concentrated targeting is method of mixing different kind of volunteers so that they can work together to facilitate each other and help in accomplishment of the desired goal from the Voluntary tourism plan. However the concentration is made of different kind of people with similar skills and abilities(Trevifio Brown, 2004). The STP plan for the Australian volunteers would not include any concentrated targeting method as this would not properly meet the required targets. Thus it will not be a wise decision to select from the concentrated targeting method for the volunteering tourism plan(Laudon Laudon, 2009). 3. Multi-segment targeting The multi-segment targeting results in gathering people from different backgrounds so that they could work efficiently and effectively as per there diverse skills to achieve the desired goal(Malhotra, 2002). The STP plan for Australian volunteers would work well when the people with different skills are selected from the nearby areas of Tasmanian forest. The different skills here include the ability to manage stay, work, prepare food and understand the flora and fauna. Thus the multi-segment targeting will effectively help in getting most appropriate outcome when the doctor, engineer, manager all of them work together for one desired objective(Wearing Grabowski, 2011). Positioning: The positioning of the Australian volunteers requires proper identification ofthe abilities and matching it with the requirements of the program so that only the fittest is allowed to be placed in that area(Jayachandran, 2004). The positioning therefore requires the following considerations. 1. Brand image The brand image of the Orangutan foundation is very good so there exist a number of volunteers in Australian tourist market who are interested in offering their services in the Indonesian region to safeguard the interest of the Orangutan. Also there are volunteers who want to work as educators in these areas(Wearing McGhee, 2013). The STP plan for the Australian tourist market therefore includes selecting of the most desirable volunteers out of the huge number of interested people. Thus it is not a point of concern with the already created and maintained brand image that positively motivates the volunteers in Australia to volunteer for the project meant to serve the main objectives of the Orangutan foundation(Wong et al., 2014). 2. Customer perceptions The customer perceptions stand for the thoughts and views of the people towards a specific brand. The customer perceptions in case of Australian Volunteers for tourism for Orangutan foundation are positive. People are interested and in fact always thrilled to see the wild life in their natural habitat(Leonard Onyx, 2009). The STP plans would therefore be to include the already motivated people who have positive perceptions about the volunteer tourism program. This way more can be expected than just delivery of responsibility from these volunteers(Cohan, 2010). 3. Competing products The competing products in our case study includes various other similar volunteering projects as saving wildlife like saving tiger, preserving environment like ensuring lesser output of industrial waste and gases to ozone layer and decrease global warming etc.(Pegg et al., 2014). The STP plans would be to attract more volunteers for the noble cause of Orangutan foundation using various strategic promotional activities. This includes advertising on television, dispersing pamphlets, displaying on boards and other hoardings. Thus the STP plan is to attract the maximum number of volunteers using the latest technological strategic promotional activities(Cohan, 2010). Conclusion In the end, the Orangutan foundation is working hard to achieve a definite level of conservation of wild life especially orangutan in the Indonesian region. The Australian Volunteer tourism is aiding the Orangutan foundation in achieving the targets(Alonso Liu, 2013). This way these organizations are trying to achieve the goal of securing life of Orangutan from poachers. Also they work together to build fences to secure the movement of the human being and orangutan in the region. However these organizations also work to ensure education delivery to the people in this region so that they could realize the role of the west in improving their life conditions(Cohan, 2010). This way a proper STP plan has been developed and discussed which explains about the related information of the Australian tourist market. Recommendations After going through the whole research work it is therefore recommended that the segmentation of the Australian tourist volunteers should be done after careful consideration of the psychographic, geography and demography of the Australian people. Also the target should be to place the right person for the right job. That is the selection from the volunteers should be made after reviewing the requirements of the project(Jayachandran, 2004). The most suitable volunteers are selected for the said project which brings in desired outcome and lesser of problems. Finally the positioning of the Orangutan foundation project is done carefully so that the maximum number of volunteers could apply for the project(Leonard Onyx, 2009). By use of various strategic promotional activities people from around the Australian continent can be tempted to join the project and work as volunteer for tourism so as to secure the orangutan in the Indonesian Borneo region where the Orangutan foundation is workin g(OrangutanFoundation, 2015). This way the Orangutan foundation will be able not only support the idea of saving orangutan but to recognize their habitat in the local and global communities so that the forests can be saved on which they are so dependent. 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